Types of Satellites

 

Atmospheric spacecraft:-

These are designed for a restively shorter period mission to collect data about the atmosphere of a planet or a satellite. It doesn’t require a propulsion system or altitude articulation control system at all. It can operate on a battery and don’t require an electric power supply.

Penetrator spacecraft:-

Surface penetrators have been designed for entering the surface of a body, such as a comet, surviving an impact of hundreds of Gs, measuring, and telemetering the properties of the penetrated surface. As of November 2000, no penetrator spacecraft have been successfully operated. Penetrator data would typically be telemetered to an orbiter craft for re-transmission to Earth.

Observatory spacecraft:-

It does not travel to a destination to explore it. Instead, occupies an earth orbit or a solar orbit from where it can observe distant targets free of obscuring and blurring effects of the earth’s atmosphere.

Lander spacecraft:-

These are designed to reach the surface of the planet and survive long enough to telemeter data back to Earth. Example:- Soviet Venera lander to venus, JPL’s Viking lander to mars  & the Surveyor series to the moon.

Orbiter spacecraft:-

A spacecraft to travel to a distant planet and enter into orbit about it must carry with it a substantial propulsive capability to decelerate it at the right moment to achieve orbit insertion. They are subjected to thermal variation and extreme conditions.

Flyby spacecraft:-

It conducted the initial reconnaissance phase of solar system exploration. They follow a continuous solar orbit. They must have the capabilities to observe targets they pass. They must be able to survive long periods of interplanetary cruises.

Rover spacecraft:-

Electrically-powered rover spacecraft are being designed and tested by JPL as part of the Mars exploration effort. These are also being developed by Russia with the measure of support from The Planetary Society. Their purposes range from taking images and soil analyses to collecting samples for return to Earth.

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